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270.Singh SK and HJ Girschick. Molecular survival strategies of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 575-583. [B. burgdorferi survives in brachytophic tissue (ligament, tendon), fibroblasts, synovial cells, endothelial cell {linings of blood and heart vessels, and lymph vessels)}, deep invaginations of cell membranes, myocyctes, joints, eyes, and bones.]

271.Skogman BH, Croner S, Nordwall M, Eknefelt M, Ernerudh J, and Forsberg P. Lyme neuroborreliosis in children: a prospective study of clinical features, prognosis, and outcome. Pediatic Infect. Dis. J. 2008; 27(12): 1089-1094.

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276.Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, and Logigian EL. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. J. Med. Ass. 1993 269(14): 1812-1816.

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278.Stein SL, Solvason HB, Biggart E, and Spiegel D. A 25-year-old woman with hallucinations, hypersexuality, nightmares, and a rash. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 545-551.

279.Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Jacobson RH, Chang Y, Summers BA, Erb HN, and Appel MJG. Two lessons from the canine model of Lyme disease: migration of Borrelia burgdorgferi in tissues and persistence after antibiotic treatment. J Spir Tick-Borne Dis 1997; 4: 24-31. [In dogs: 30-day treatment diminished but failed to eliminate persistent infection in dogs. Antibody titers fell, but after antibiotic treatment was discontinued antibody levels began to rise again, presumably in response to proliferation of the surviving pool of spirochetes.]

280.Straubinger RK, Summers BA, Chang YF, and Appel MJG (1997) Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J Clin Microbiol 35: 111-116. [dogs]

281.Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2191-2199. [All 8 infected dogs previously treated with 30-day antibiotics were PCR positive from tissue samples after necrosis; 25 tissue samples per dog were used. Interestingly, the number of B. burgdorferi organisms detected in skin biopsy samples was inversely to the antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.]

282.Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, and Jacobson RH (2000) Status of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment and the effects of corticosteroids: an experimental study. J Infect Dis 181: 1069-1081. doi: 10.1086/315340

283.Straubinger RK. Lyme borreliosis in dogs in recent advances in canine infectious diseases. Edited by L.E. Carmichael. International Veterinary Information Services. 2000.

284.Stricker RB, Winger EE. Decrease CD57 lymphocyte subset in patients with chronic Lyme disease. Immunology Letters. 2001. 76: 43-48.

285.Stricker RB, Burrascano JJ, and Winger EE. Long-term decrease in the CD57 lymphocyte subset in a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Ann Agric Environ Med 2002; 9: 111-113.

286.Stricker RB, Lautin A, and Burrascano JJ. Lyme disease: point/counterpoint. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2005: 3: 155-165.

287.Stricker RB. Counterpoint: long-term antibiotic therapy improves persistent symptoms associated with Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 149-157.

288.Stricker RB and Johnson L. Persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection after treatment with antibiotics and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 1352-1353.

289.Stricker RB, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, and Johnson L. Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4: 639-646. [refutes Klempers {2001} conjecture that long-term antibiotics don’t work]

290.Stricker RB, Johnson L. Lyme disease: the next decade. Infect. Drug Resist. 2011; 4: 1-9. Epub 2011. Jan 7. [biofilms consist of a colony of spirochetes and cysts coated by a gelatinous, protective membrane]

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300.Vartiovaara I. Living with Lyme. Lancet 1995; 345: 842-844.

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306.Weber K. Treatment failure in erythema migrans: a review. Infection 1996; 24: 73-75.

307.Weis JJ, Yang L, Seiler KP, and Silver RM. Pathological manifestations in murine Lyme disease: association with tissue invasion and spirochete persistence. Clin Infect Dis 1997 Suppl 1: S18-24.

308.Wienecke R, Zoechling N, Neubert U. Molecular subtyping of Borrelia burgdorferi in erythema migrans and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103; 19-22. [chronic Lyme borreliosis].

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312.Yrjänäinen H, Hytönen J, Söderström KO, Oksi J, Hartiala K, Viljanen MK (2006) Persistent joint swelling and Borrelia-specific antibodies in Borrelia garinii-infected mice after eradication of vegetative spirochetes with antibiotic treatment. Microbes Infect 8: 2044-2051. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.008 [persistence if Bb in mice]

313.Yrjänäinen H, Hyotenen J, Song SR, Oksi J, Hartiala K, et al. (2007) Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment activates Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes in 4 weeks after ceftriaxone treatment in C3H/He mice. J Infect Dis 195: 1489-1496. doi: 10.1086/513873. [mice]

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315.Yrjänäinen H, Hytönen J, Hartiala P, Oksi J, Viljanen MK (2010) Persistence of borrelial DNA in the joints of Borrelia burgdorferi– infected mice after ceftriaxone treatment. APMIS 118(9): 665-673. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02615.x [Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in joints and tissue adjacent to the joint is the niche of persisting B. burgdorferi in ceftriaxone-treated mice.]

316.Zhang JR, Hardham JM, Barbour AG, and Norris SJ. Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes. Cell 1997; 89: 275-285. [antigenic variation: a defense stratagem of B. burgdorferi]

317.Zhang Y (2014) Persisters, persistent infections and the Yin-Yang model. Emerging Microbes and Infections 3, e3; doi:10.1038/emi.2014.3.

318.Ziska MH, Donta ST, and Demarest FC. Physician preferences in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in the United States. Infection 1996; 24: 182-186.

This section compiled by: John D. Scott, Research Division, Lyme Ontario, February 2015

Psychiatric Symptoms and Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases

This section is organized alphabetically by the title of the article.

A controlled study of deficits in children with chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Tager, F., Fallon, B., Keilp, J, Rissenberg, M., Jones, C.R. & Liebowitz, M. SOURCE: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2001; 13: 500-507.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [letter] AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA. SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Summer;10(3):366-7

Acute and Chronic Lyme Disease: Controversies for Neuropsychiatry AUTHORS: Hurley RA, Taber KH. SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 20:1, Winter 2008 http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org

Acute and chronic pain associated with Lyme borreliosis: clinical characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms. AUTHORS: Zimering JH, Williams MR, Eiras ME, Fallon BA, Logigian EL, Dworkin RH et al. SOURCE: Pain. 2014 Aug;155(8):1435-1438.

Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases. AUTHORS: Krüger H, Heim E, Schuknecht B, Scholz S. SOURCE: J Neurol. 1991 Aug;238(5):271-80.

Acute Lyme Neuroborreliosis With Transient Hemiparesis and Aphasia AUTHORS: Sokolov A, Lienhard R, Du Pasquier R, Véronique Erard V SOURCE: Annals of Emergency Medicine. Published Online: February 25, 2015 http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196- 0644(15)00028-1/abstract

A Girl with Seizures AUTHOR: Carla Rothaus SOURCE: NEJM. May 22nd, 2015 http://blogs.nejm.org/now/index.php/a-girl-with-seizures/2015/05/22/comment-page-1/#comment-225701 A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death AUTHORS: Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Cadenas MB, Vissotto de Paiva Diniz PP SOURCE: Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • 2009 Aug;15(12): 2080-6 http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/12/pdfs/2080.pdf

Alcohol and epilepsy: A case report between alcohol withdrawal seizures and neuroborreliosis. AUTHORS: Gheorghiev C, De Montleau F, Defuentes G SOURCE: Encephale 2011 06; 37 (3): 231-237

[Alcohol and epilepsy: a case report between alcohol withdrawal seizures and neuroborreliosis]. AUTHORS: Gheorghiev C, De Montleau F, Defuentes G. SOURCE: Encephale. 2011 Jun;37(3):231-7.

Altered mental status, an unusual manifestation of early disseminated Lyme disease: A case report. AUTHORS: Chabria SB, Lawrason J. SOURCE: J Med Case Reports. 2007 Aug 9;1:62.

Alzheimer’s disease and infection: Do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer’s disease? AUTHORS: Honjo K, van Reekum R, Rand Nicolaas, Verhoeff NPLG. SOURCE: Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Vol 5;4, July 2009, p 348-360

Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. AUTHOR: Miklossy J. SOURCE:J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 4;8(1):90. [Epub ahead of print]

Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. AUTHOR: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1059-64. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. AUTHOR: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):822-5. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue. AUTHORS: Alaedini A, Latov N. SOURCE: J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Feb;159(1-2):192-5. Epub 2004 Nov 26.

Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Johnson L SOURCE: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (2010) 1025

Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. AUTHORS: Volkman D SOURCE: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (2010) A Review of Death Certificates Listing Lyme Disease as a Cause of Death in the United States. AUTHORS: Kugeler KJ, Griffith KS, Gould LH et al. SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis. (2011) 52 (3), 364-367. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq157

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/364.full.pdf http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/364.long

The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders AUTHORS: Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI. SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses. 5 Nov 2007

Association of Lyme Disease and Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Type: Is it Inflammation Mediated? AUTHORS: Mattingley DW, Koola MM. SOURCE: Indian J Psychol Med. 2015 Apr-Jun;37(2):243-6.

Audiologic manifestations of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome AUTHORS: Shotland LI, Mastrioanni MA, Choo DL, Szymko-Bennett YM, Dally LG, Pikus AT, Sledjeski K, Marques A SOURCE: Ear Hear. 2003 Dec;24(6):508-17

Autism and Lyme Disease AUTHORS: Robert C. Bransfield, MD, Mason Kuhn, MS. SOURCE: JAMA. 2013;310(8):856 doi:10.1001/jama.2013.194747

A woman in her 50s with manic psychosis. AUTHORS: Pasareanu AR, Mygland Å, Kristensen Ø. SOURCE: Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012 Mar 6;132(5):537-9

Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a mother and son potentially associated with tick exposure AUTHORS: Maggi RG, Ericson M,

Mascarelli PE, Bradley JM, Breitschwerdt EB SOURCE: Parasites & Vectors April 2013, 6:101 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-101 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-101

Bartonella henselae infection in a family experiencing neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities after woodlouse hunter spider bites AUTHORS: Mascarelli PE, Maggi RG, Hopkins S, Mozayeni BR, Trull CL, Bradley JM, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB SOURCE: Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:98 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-98 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/98/abstract

Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction. AUTHORS: Journal of Clinical Midrobiology. 46(9):2856–2861 SOURCE: Breitschwerdt EB. Maggi RG, Nicholson WL, Cherry NA, Woods CW.

The basic syndromes of neurological disorders in Lyme borreliosis: AUTHORS: Dekonenko EP, Umanskii KG, Virich IE, Kupriianova LV, Rudometov, IuP, Bagrov FI: SOURCE: Ter Arkh 1995; 67 (11) : 52-53

Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Delong AK, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L SOURCE: Int J Gen Med 2011 9; 4 : 639-646

Behavioral Consequences of Infections of the Central Nervous System: With Emphasis on Viral Infections. AUTHORS: Tselis A, MD, Booss J. SOURCE: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 31:289–98, 2003

Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes. AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K. SOURCE: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Feb;27(2):228-36.

Bell’s Palsy of the Gut and other Manifestations of Lyme and Associated Diseases. AUTHOR: Sherr VT SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology April 2006

Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, DeLong AK, Green C, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L. SOURCE: International Journal of General Medicine 2011:4 639–646 http://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=8224.

Bilateral dorsolateral thalamic lesions disrupts conscious recollection. AUTHORS: Edelstyn NM, Hunter B, Ellis SJ. SOURCE: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(6):931-8. Epub 2005 Oct 25.

Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. AUTHOR: MIKLOSSY J EDITORS: Duyckaerts C, Litvan I SOURCE: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 89 (3rd series) Dementias 2008 Elsevier B.V. http://www.miklossy.ch/media/ChapterHandbookClinNeurolFinalPdf.pdf

Borrelia Burgdorferi: A Clinical Chameleon AUTHORS: Samuel B, Axelband J, Mckim K, Leh D. SOURCE: Consultant. 2015;55(7):530-535. http://www.consultant360.com/articles/borrelia-burgdorferi-clinical-chameleon

Borrelia burgdorferi: Cell Biology and Clinical Manifestations in Latent Chronic Lyme. AUTHORS: Smith AJ, Oertle J, Prato D SOURCE: Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol.4 No.4, December 2014 http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=51411#.VJDlHivF9M1

Borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervous system: experimental and clinical evidence for early invasion. AUTHORS: Garcia-Monco JC, Villar BF, Alen JC, Benach JL. SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1187-93.

Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder. AUTHORS: Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R. SOURCE: Biol Psychiatry 1999 Mar 15;45(6):795

Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system: the new “great imitator”. AUTHOR: Pachner AR. SOURCE: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:56-64. Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6):639-49; discussion 673-81.

Borrelia burgdorferi-seropositive chronic encephalomyelopathy: Lyme neuroborreliosis? An autopsied report. AUTHORS: Kobayashi K, Mizukoshi C, Aoki T, Muramori F, Hayashi M, Miyazu K, Koshino Y, Ohta M, Nakanishi I, Yamaguchi N. SOURCE: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997 Nov-Dec;8(6):384-90.

[Borreliosis–simultaneous Lyme carditis and psychiatric disorders–case report] AUTHORS: Legatowicz-Koprowska M, Gziut AI, Walczak E, Gil RJ, Wagner T. SOURCE: Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2008 May;24(143):433-5. Polish.

Brain SPECT Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHORS: Plutchok JJ, Tikofsky RS, Liegner KB, Fallon BA, Van Heertum RL. SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick Borne-Diseases, 1999; 6: 10-16.

Can infections and immune reactions to them cause violent behavior? AUTHOR: Bransfield RC SOURCE: Abstracts of 11th

Psychoimmunology Expert Meeting, March 8–11, 2012

Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. Volume 18, Issue 2, Page 42 (March 2012)

Carbamazepine in the treatment of Lyme disease-induced hyperacusis. AUTHORS: Nields JA, Fallon BA, Jastreboff PJ. SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999 Winter;11(1):97-9

A case of meningoencephalitis by the relapsing fever spirochaete Borrelia miyamotoi in Europe. AUTHORS: Hovius JWR et al. SOURCE: www.thelancet.com Vol 382 August 17, 2013

Case report: Lyme disease and complex partial seizures. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetes and Tick-borne Diseases; Fall/Winter 1999, Vol 6, p123-125

Case Shows How Lyme Disease Can Mimic New-Onset Panic Disorder. AUTHOR: Sinclair L SOURCE: Psychiatric News. 2013 Vol 48(13)1 DOI: 10.1176/appi.pn.2013.6b19 http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/newsarticle.aspx?articleid=1700960

Catatonia in a 14 year-old girl: treatment with clorazepam and carbamazepine, a 10-year follow-up]. AUTHORS: Askenazy F, Dor E, Benoit M, Dupuis G, Serret S, Myquel M, Seddiki Y. SOURCE: Encephale. 2010 Feb;36(1):46-53.

Catatonic syndrome in acute severe encephalitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Rieder G, Forderreuther S, Schmidt S, AUTHORS: Kapfhammer HP. SOURCE: Neurology. 1993 Feb;43(2):433-5.

Central nervous system manifestations of human ehrlichiosis. AUTHORS: Ratnasamy N, Everett ED, Roland WE, McDonald G, Caldwell CW. SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis 1996 Aug;23(2):314-9

Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Pachner AR, Duray P, Steere AC. SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 1989 Jul;46(7):790-5.

Cerebral metabolic changes associated with Lyme disease AUTHORS: Newberg A, Hassan A, Alavi A. SOURCE: Nucl Med Commun 2002 August;23(8):773-777

Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases. AUTHORS: Nicholson GL. SOURCE: Lab Medicine. 2008;39(5):291-9.

Chronic borrelia encephalomyeloradiculitis with severe mental disturbance: immunosuppressive versus antibiotic therapy. AUTHORS: Kollikowski HH, Schwendemann G, Schulz M, Wilhelm H, Lehmann HJ. SOURCE: J Neurol. 1988 Jan;235(3):140-2.

Chronic central nervous system involvement in Lyme borreliosis. AUTHORS: Kohler J, Kern U, Kasper J, Rhese-Küpper B, Thoden U. SOURCE: Neurology. 1988 Jun;38(6):863-7.

Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease — role of Spirochetes. AUTHORS: Miklossy J. SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91. Review.

Chronic Lyme Disease Linked to ADHD in Adults. AUTHOR: Young JL SOURCE: American Psychiatric Association’s 2012 Annual Meeting. Medscape. May 08,2012. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/763458

Chronic neuroborreliosis in infancy. AUTHORS: Zamponi N, Cardinali C, Tavoni MA, Porfiri L, Rossi R, Manca A. SOURCE: Ital J Neurol Sci (1999) 20:303-307

Chronic neurologic manifestations of erythema migrans borreliosis. AUTHORS: Ackermann R, Rehse-Kupper B, Gollmer E, Schmidt R. SOURCE: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:16-23.

Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1438-44.

Chronic or late lyme neuroborreliosis: analysis of evidence compared to chronic or late neurosyphilis. AUTHORS: Miklossy J. SOURCE: Open Neurol J 2012; 6: 146-57.

Chronic or Late Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Present and Future. AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Donta S, Mueller K, Nolte O, Perry G. SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal. 2012; 6: Pp. 78 [DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01206010078] http://benthamscience.com/open/toneuj/articles/V006/SI0078TONEUJ/78TONEUJ.pdf

Clinical and demographic characteristics of psychiatric patients seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi. AUTHORS: Hájek T, Libiger J, Janovská D, Hájek P, Alda M, Höschl C. SOURCE: Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;21(2):118-22.

[Clinical manifestations and epidemiological aspects leading to a diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: neurological and psychiatric manifestations in the course of Lyme borreliosis] AUTHORS: Créange A. SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2007 Jul-Aug;37(7-8):532-9. Epub 2007 Mar 26. Review. French.

Co-existance of toxoplasmosis and neuroborreliosis – a case report. AUTHORS: Gustaw K, Beltowska K, Dlugosz E. SOURCE: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12(2):305-8.

Coexisting of borreliosis, depression and psoriasis–case report. AUTHORS: Oglodek E, Mos D, Araszkiewicz A. SOURCE: Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2010 Jan;28(163):53-5.

Cognitive functioning in late Lyme borreliosis. AUTHORS: Krupp LB, Masur D, Schwartz J, Coyle PK, Langenbach LJ, Fernquist SK, Jandorf L, Halperin JJ. SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 1991 Nov;48(11):1125-9.

Cognitive Impairments after Tick-borne Encephalitis. AUTHORS: Gustaw-Rothenberg K. SOURCE: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2008;26:165-168.

Cognitive processing speed in Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Pollina DA, Sliwinski M, Squires NK, Krupp LB. SOURCE: Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999 Jan;12(1):72-8.

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Neurologic manifestations of Lyme borreliosis in children: AUTHOR: Millner M: SOURCE: Wien Med Wochenschr 1995; 145 (7-8): 178-182 Neurologic manifestations in children with North American Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Belman AL, Iyer M, Coyle PK, Dattwyler R. SOURCE: Neurology. 1993 Dec;43(12):2609-14.

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Neuropsychiatric and Neuropathologic Aspects of Lyme Disease. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Vaccaro B, Romano M, Clemente D. SOURCE: Psychiatric Annals, 36:120-128, 2006.

Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Non-HIV Infectious Diseases. AUTHOR: Fallon BA. SOURCE: In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Eighth Edition. Ed. Kaplan and Sadock. Williams and Wilkins, 2005

Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Non-HIV Infectious Diseases. AUTHOR: Fallon BA. SOURCE: In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Seventh Edition.Ed. Kaplan and Sadock. Williams and Wilkins. 2000.

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The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA, Burrascano JJ, Liegner K, DelBene D, Liebowitz MR. SOURCE: Psychiatr Q 1992 Spring;63(1):95-117 COMPLETE TEXT AT: http://www.lymenet.org

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Neuropsychological functioning in chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Westervel HJ, McCaffrey RJ. SOURCE: Neuropsychol Rev 2002 Sep;12(3):153-77 Review.

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Neuro-Visual Processing Rehabilitation: An Interdisciplinary Approach, AUTHOR: Padula, W., Munitz, R. & Magrun, W.M. SOURCE: Optometric Extension Program Foundation, Inc., Santa Ana, CA, 2012

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Ongoing Discussion About the US Clinical Lyme Trials. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Petkova E, Keilp JG, Britton CB. SOURCE: Am J Med. 2014 Feb;127(2):e7. http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(13)00827-9/fulltext

On the question of infectious aetiologies for multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and the chronic fatigue syndrome and their treatment with antibiotics. AUTHOR: Frykholm BO. SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses (2009) in print

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Panic Attacks May Reveal Previously Unsuspected Chronic Disseminated Lyme Disease AUTHOR: Sherr VT. SOURCE: Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 6:352-356, November 2000

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Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections/ Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndromes vs. Pediatric Bipolar Disorder – A possible Connection? AUTHOR: Greenberg R.SOURCE: Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2014 Available online 9 July 2014 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094195001400195X

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PET imaging of microglia activation in neuropsychiatric disorders with potential infectious origin. AUTHORS: Klein HC, de Witte L, Bransfield RC, De Deyn PP SOURCE: In Print. 2014. Copyright Holder Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

The Physician as a Patient: Lyme Disease, Ehrlichiosis, and Babesiosis: A Recounting of a Personal Experience with Tick-Borne Diseases AUTHORS: Sherr VT. SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology, January 2000

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Polymorphic mental disorders in the course of Lyme borreliosis–case study. AUTHORS: Helon B, Tluczek TW, Buczyjan A, Adamczyk-Helon A, Wojnarowicz M, Mikula R, Cicinski P, Bojarska J. SOURCE: Psychiatr Pol. 2009 May-Jun;43(3):353-61.

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Potential uses of Modafinil in Psychiatric Disorders. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: Journal of Applied Research, 2004 Spring; 4(2): 198-208

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Psychiatric symptomatology associated with presumptive Lyme disease: Clinical evidence. AUTHORS: Battaglia H, Alvarez G, Mercau A, Fay M, Campodonico M. SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 2000; Spring/September;1-6.

The psychoimmunology of Lyme and associated diseases Abstracts of 12th Psychoimmunology Expert Meeting, March 6-9, 2014. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: Neurology, Psychiatry & Brain Research. 20(1);8. (February 2014) http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0941950014001444/1- s2.0-S0941950014001444-main.pdf?_tid=12770e98-aba3-11e3-81d2-0000aab0f6b&acdnat=1394820443_7d0643c714fa90fc11196aba8793233a The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC

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A Reappraisal of the U.S. Clinical Trials of Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Petkova E, Keilp JG, Britton CB. SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal, 2012; 6:79-87. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01206010079] http://benthamscience.com/open/toneuj/articles/V006/SI0078TONEUJ/79TONEUJ.pdf

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Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in persistent Lyme encephalopathy. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Lipkin RB, Corbera KM, Yu S, Nobler MS, Keilp JG, Petkova E, Lisanby SH, Moeller JR, Slavov I, Van Heertum R, Mensh BD, Sackeim HA. SOURCE: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):554-63.

Relationship of Inflammation and Autoimmunity to Psychiatric Sequelae in Lyme Disease. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC ANNALS. 2012 42(9):337-41 http://www.ilads.org/ilads_news/2012/relationship-of-inflammation-and-autoimmunity-to- psychiatric-sequelae-in-lyme-disease/

Relevance of Chronic Lyme Disease to Family Medicine as a Complex Multidimensional Chronic Disease Construct: A Systematic Review. AUTHORS: Borgermans L, Goderis G, Vandevoorde J, Devroey D. SOURCE: International Journal of Family Medicine. Volume 2014 (2014)

Repeated Antibiotic Therapy in Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Weis N, Tager F, Fein L, Liegner K, Liebowitz MR. SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick Borne Diseases, 1999; 6: 1-9.

Results of a prospective standardized study of 30 patients with chronic neurological and cognitive disorders after tick bites. AUTHORS: Roche Lanquetot R, Ader F, Durand MC, Carlier R, Defferriere H, Dinh A, Herrmann JL, Guillemot D, Perronne C, Salomon J. SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2008 Aug 20. [Article in French]

Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion in Lyme encephalopathy. AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Johnson KA, Kijewski MF, Kaplan RF, Becker JA, Jones KJ, Garada BM, Holman BL, Steere AC. SOURCE: Neurology 1997 Dec;49(6):1661-70.

“Reversible” dementia in 2011. AUTHORS: Michel JM, Sellal F SOURCE: Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil 2011 05 1; 9 (2): 211-225

Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioral, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses. AUTHORS: Nicholson GL, Haier J. SOURCE: British Journal of Medical Practitioners. 2009:2(4)20-8.

The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection. AUTHORS: Vamos E, Pardutz A, Klivenyi P, Toldi J, Vecsei L. SOURCE: J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar 4.

Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Buyske S, Savage SV, Gara M, Escobar JI, Sigal LH. SOURCE: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Dec 15;59(12):1742-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035409

Safety of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L. SOURCE: Minerva Med. 2010 Feb;101(1):1-7.

Schizophrenia – a Mild Encephalitis? AUTHOR: Bechter K. SOURCE: Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. (2013) 2013 Apr 29. [Epub ahead of print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629631

Screening for Lyme disease in hospitalized psychiatric patients: prospective serosurvey in an endemic area. AUTHORS: Nadelman RB, Herman E, Wormser GP. SOURCE: Mt Sinai J Med. 1997 Nov;64(6):409-12.

Seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to Ixodes ticks and Lyme borreliosis AUTHOR: Fritzsche M. SOURCE: International Journal of Health Geographics 2002 1:2 COMPLETE TEXT AT: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12453316

[Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus. A complication of chronic neuroborreliosis]. AUTHORS: Druschky K, Stefan H, Grehl H, Neundörfer B. SOURCE: Nervenarzt. 1999 Jun;70(6):556-9. German.

Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. AUTHOR: Cameron D. SOURCE: Minerva Med. 2008 Oct;99(5):489-96.

Signs and significance of a tick-bite: psychiatric disorders associated with Lyme disease. AUTHOR: Sno HN. SOURCE: Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2012;54(3):235-43.

Short-course treatment in neurobrucellosis: a study in Iran. AUTHORS: Asadipooya K, Dehghanian A, Omrani GH, Abbasi F. SOURCE: Neurol India. 2011 Jan-Feb;59(1):101-3.

Sleep quality in Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Greenberg HE, Ney G, Scharf SM, Ravdin L, Hilton E. SOURCE: Sleep. 1995 Dec;18(10):912-6. Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,…hiding in plain sight. AUTHORS: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses.

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SPECT Brain Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHORS: Donta ST, Noto RB, Vento JA. SOURCE: Clinical Nuclear Medicine & Volume 37, Number 9, September 2012

Spirochetal diseases of the nervous system. AUTHORS: Cintron R, Pachner AR. SOURCE: Curr Opin Neurol. 1994 Jun;7(3):217-22. Review.

Startle myoclonus induced by Lyme neuroborreliosis: a case report. Authors: Schoof J, Kluge C, Heinze HJ, Galazky I. SOURCE: J Med Case Rep 2013(May); 7(1): 124. DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-124

Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial. AUTHORS: Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, Coyle PK, Melville P, Ahnn S, Dattwyler R, Chandler B.SOURCE: Neurology. 2003 Jun 24;60(12):1923-30.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Cheherama M, Zagardo MT, Koski CL SOURCE: Neurology (1997);48:520-523

Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):377-83.

Survival strategies of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Embers ME, Ramamoorthy R, Philipp MT. SOURCE: Microbes Infect. 2004 Mar;6(3):312-8. Review.

Tc-99m HMPAO Brain SPECT Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease AUTHORS: Plutchok JJ, Tikofsky RS, Liegner K, Kochevar JM, Fallon BA, Van SOURCE: Heertum RL. J of Spirochetal and Tick-borne Diseases 6: 117-122, 1999.

The association of lyme disease with loss of sexual libido and the role of urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction. AUTHORS: Puri BK, Shah M, Julu PO, Kingston MC, Monro JA. SOURCE: Int Neurourol J. 2014 Jun;18(2):95-7.

The lack of correlation between the incidence of Lyme disease and deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease cannot reflect the lack of involvement of Borrelia burgdorferi in Alzheimer’s dementia AUTHOR: Miklossy J SOURCE: The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. Aug 2014 http://j- alz.com/node/384

The neuropsychiatric assessment of Lyme disease AUTHOR: Bransfield, R. SOURCE: Available online at www.mentalhealthandillness.com The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA, Burrascano JJ, Liegner K, DelBene D, Liebowitz

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The American Psychiatric Association Psychiatric Guidelines for the Psychiatric Assessment of Adults Third Edition. AUTHORS: APA Work Group on Psychiatric Evaluation. SOURCE: http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.books.9780890426760

The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal. (2012) 6, (Suppl 1-M3) 88-93.

The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. AUTHORS: Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. SOURCE: Mol Neurobiol. 2015 Jun 17.

The Relationship between Tourette’s Syndrome and Infections AUTHORS: Krause D L, Norbert Müller N SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M8) 124-128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514747/pdf/TONEUJ-6-124.pdf

The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Kochevar J, Nields J. SOURCE: In Diagnostic Dilemmas. Edited by David Tomb. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1998.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Carries a High Risk of Incomplete Recovery in Children. AUTHORS: Fowler A, Forsman L, Eriksson M, Wickstrom R. SOURCE: J Pediatr 2013;-:—).

Tick-borne infections–a growing public health threat to school-age children. Prevention steps that school personnel can take. AUTHOR: Hamlen R SOURCE: NASN Sch Nurse 2012(Mar); 27(2): 94-100. http://nas.sagepub.com/content/27/2/94

Transfection “Junk” DNA – a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease? AUTHORS: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1140-1. Epub 2006 Feb 14.

Treating Depression and Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Style in a Man with Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHOR: Leedy MJ, Jackson M, Callahan JL. SOURCE: Clinical Case Studies. 2007 Oct 6(5):430-42. http://www.psyc.unt.edu/~jennifercallahan/CompensatoryNarcissism.pdf Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Bransfield R, Brand S, Sherr V. SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1424-5.

Treatment-Resistant Depression: Progress and Limitations. AUTHORS: Amsterdam JD, O’Reardon JP. SOURCE: Psychiatric Annals. 1998;28(11):633

Tremor, seizures and psychosis as presenting symptoms in a patient with chronic lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). AUTHORS: Markeljević J, Sarac H, Rados M. SOURCE: Coll Antropol. 2011 Jan;35 Suppl 1:313-8.

Tullio phenomenon and seronegative Lyme borreliosis [letter] AUTHORS: Nields JA, Kueton JF. SOURCE: Lancet 1991 Jul 13;338(8759):128-9

The neuropsychiatric assessment of Lyme disease. AUTHOR: Bransfield, R.. SOURCE: Available online at www.mentalhealthandillness.com The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection. AUTHORS: Vamos E, Pardutz A, Klivenyi

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The Underdiagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease in Children and Adults AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA. SOURCE: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1998; 21: 693-703 COMPLETE TEXT AT: http://www.lymenet.org

Undiagnosed Lyme disease in adults with schizophrenia. AUTHORS: Koola MM et al. SOURCE: Schizophrenia Research. Published Online: August 06, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.029

Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth’s syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report.AUTHORS: Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith E, Sigmund D, Hacke W. SOURCE: J Neurol 1992 Mar;239(3):129-31

An unusual presentation of cat scratch encephalitis. AUTHORS: Chan L, Reilly KM, Snyder HS. SOURCE: J Emerg Med. 1995 Nov- Dec;13(6):769-72.

Update on lyme disease: the hidden epidemic. AUTHOR: Savely VR. SOURCE: J Infus Nurs. 2008 Jul-Aug;31(4):236-40.

The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in North Staffordshire. AUTHORS: Hodgson R, Belgamwar R, Al-tawarah Y, MacKenzie G. SOURCE: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;20(2):141-7.

Value of clinical symptoms, intrathecal specific antibody production and PCR in CSF in the diagnosis of childhood Lyme neuroborreliosis: AUTHORS: Issakainen J, Gnehm HE, Lucchini GM, Zbinden R: SOURCE: Klin Padiatr 1996 May-Jun; 208 (3) : 106-109

Wann ist eine Borreliose eine Neuroborreliose? Die Borreliose und ihre neuro-psychiatrischen Symptome. AUTHORS: Lorenz M, Redecker H SOURCE: (2013) http://www.borreliose-lorenz.de/neuroborreliose.html

WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Keilp JG, Corbera K, Slavov I, Taylor MJ, Sackeim HA, Fallon BA. SOURCE: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006 Jan;12(1):119-29

A 25-year-old woman with hallucinations, hypersexuality, nightmares, and a rash. AUTHORS: Stein SL, Solvason HB, Biggart E, Spiegel D. SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Apr;153(4):545-51.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later. AUTHOR: Steere AC. SOURCE JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):1002- 10.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later. AUTHOR Burns RB, Hartman EE. SOURCE JAMA. 2003 Dec 24;290(24):3247.

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14th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Disorder. April 21-23, 2001

Microbes and Mental Illness, Bransfield R.

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The Lyme-Autism Connection: Unveiling the Shocking Link Between

Lyme Disease and Childhood Developmental Disorders. Duncan T, Rosner B (2008) http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0976379759?ie=UTF8&tag=lymeinfo- 20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0976379759

The Neuropsychiatric Assessment of Lyme Disease. Bransfield R. www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html http://www.anapsid.org/lyme/bransfield-neuropsych.pdf

The Psychotropic Management of Late-Stage Lyme and Associated Diseases. Bransfield R. What Causes Illness and Mental Illness? Bransfield R.

Some of the above references and additional articles are also listed online at:

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease Online Resources: http://www.lymeinfo.net/neuropsych.html

And Cavete Diagnosen (Cavete, lat.: hütet euch davor, d.h. hier: vor diesen Diagnosen): http://www.erlebnishaft.de/cavete_diagnosen.pdf http://www.erlebnishaft.de/kommentalternativ.pdf Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers, RWJ Medical School, September 2015

Tick-Borne Diseases and Dementia

This list is organized by date.

•MacDonald AB, Miranda JM. Hum Pathol. 1987 Jul;18(7):759-61. Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

•Miklossy J. Neuroreport. 1993 Jul;4(7):841-8. Alzheimer’s disease–a spirochetosis?

•Miklossy J, Kasas S, Janzer RC, Ardizzoni F, Van der Loos H. Further ultrastructural evidence that spirochaetes may play a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport. 1994 Jun 2;5(10):1201-4.

•Waniek C, Prohovnik I, Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ. Rapidly progressive frontal-type dementia associated with Lyme disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;7(3):345-7.

•Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K. Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes. Neurobiol Aging. May 12, 2005.

•Osvaldo P. Almeida and Nicola T. Lautenschlager. Dementia associated with infectious diseases. International Psychogeriatrics (2005), 17:Supp., S65–S77 C _ 2005.

•MacDonald AB. Plaques of Alzheimer’s disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):592-600.

•Macdonald AB. Transfection ‘‘Junk’’ DNA – A link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease? Medical Hypothesis. 2006 30 January.

•MacDonald AB (2006) Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 2 (3), Supplement, S207, S275, S433.

•Meer-Scherrer L, Chang Loa C, Adelson ME, Mordechai E, Lobrinus JA, Fallon BA, Tilton RC. Lyme Disease Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Microbiol. 2006 Mar 9.

•Miklossy J. Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;89:825-44.

•Miklossy J. Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease — role of Spirochetes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91.

•Aboul-Enein F, Kristoferitsch W. Normal pressure hydrocephalus or neuroborreliosis? Wien Med Wochenschr. 2009;159(1-2):58-61.

•Miklossy J. Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 4;8(1):90.

•Bannwarth, A. (1944) Zur Klinik und Pathogenese der chronischen lymphocytären Meningitis. Arch. Psychiatr.Nervenkr. 117, 161- 185.

•MacDonald, A. B. (1986) Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256, 2195-2196.

•MacDonald AB (1988) Concurrent Neocortical Borreliosis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Demonstration of a Spirochetal Cyst Form . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Lyme Disease and Related Disorders. 539, 468–470.

•Pappolla MA, Omar R, Saran B, et al. (1989) Concurrent neuroborreliosis and Alzheimer’s disease: analysis of the evidence. Hum Pathol 20(8), 753-7.

•Miklossy J, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Janzer RC. (1990) Meningovascular form of neuroborreliosis: Similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease and those occurring in tertiary neurosyphilis. Acta Neuropathol 80. 568-572.

•Miklossy J, Van der Loos H. (1991) The long distance effects of brain lesions: A study of myelinated pathways in the human brain using polarizing and fluorescence microscopy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50, 1-15.

•Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D et al (1991) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 41, 479-86.

•Miklossy J, Taddei K, Martins R et al. (1999) Alzheimer disease: curly fibers and tangles in organs other than brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 58, 803-814.

•Bransfield RC. Hosp Pract (1995). 1996 Aug 15;31(8):35, 40. The diagnosis of Lyme disease.

•McLaughlin R, Kin NM, Chen MF, et al. (1999) Alzheimer’s disease may not be a spirochetosis. Neuroreport 10(7), 1489-91.

•Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 155, 853-862

•Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T (2002) New aspects of the pathogenesis of lyme disease. Przegl Epidemiol 57-67.

•Suter O-C, Sunthorn T, Kraftsik R, Straubel J, Darekar P, Khalili K, Miklossy J (2002) Cerebral Hypoperfusion Generates Cortical Watershed Microinfarcts in Alzheimer Disease. Stroke 33, 1986-1992

•Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 155, 853-862

•Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T (2002) New aspects of the pathogenesis of lyme disease. Przegl Epidemiol 57-67.

•Suter O-C, Sunthorn T, Kraftsik R, Straubel J, Darekar P, Khalili K, Miklossy J (2002) Cerebral Hypoperfusion Generates Cortical Watershed Microinfarcts in Alzheimer Disease. Stroke 33, 1986-1992

•Hardy J, Selkoe DJ (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297, 353-6

•Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. (2004) Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimer’s Dissease 6 (6), 1-11.

•Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, et al. (2004) Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 6(6), 639-49; discussion 673-681.

•Ruitenberg A, den Heijer T, Bakker SL, van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM (2005) Cerebral hypoperfusion and clinical onset of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol 57, 789-94.

•Guo JP, Arai T, Miklossy J, McGeer PL (2006) Aβ and tau form soluble complexes that may promote self aggregation of both into the insoluble forms observed in Alzheimer’s disease. PNAS 103(6)

•MacDonald AB (2006) Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Med Hypotheses 68(4), 822-5.

•MacDonald AB (2006) Cystic borrelia in Alzheimer’s disease and in non-dementia neuroborreliosis. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 2(3), Supplement, Page S207, S275, S433

•Riek R (2006) Cell biology: Infectious Alzheimer’s disease? Nature 444, 429-431

•MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med Hypotheses. 68(5), 1059-64

•MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Med Hypotheses. 68(4), 822-5.

•MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med Hypotheses 68(5), 1059-64.

•Haass C, Selkoe DJ (2007) Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, 101-12.

•MacDonald, A. B. (2008) (on-line manuscript). Plaques of Alzheimers disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Manuscript no. YMEHYD-06-00134R1. Elsevier Editorial System™ for Medical Hypotheses. 5 pp.

•Miklossy J, Kasas S, Zurn AD, McCall S, Yu S, McGeer PL. (2008) Persisting atypical and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J. Neuroinflammation. 5, 40 Doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-40.

•Galbussera A, Tremolizzo L, Isella V, et al. (2008) Lack of evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22(3), 308.

•Holmes C, Cotterell D (2009) Role of infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 23(12), 993-1002.

•Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC (2009) Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 118, 5-36

•Sorensen AA (2009) Alzheimer’s Disease Research: Scientific Productivity and Impact of the Top 100 Investigators in the Field. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 16, 451–465

•Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC,

•Trojanowski JQ (2010) Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 9, 119-28

•Miklossy J (2011) Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease. Expert Rev Mol Med e30.

•Miklossy J (2011) Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. J Neuroinflammation 90.

•Zlokovic BV (2011) Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 12, 723-38.

•Selkoe DJ (2012) Preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Science 337, 1488-92.

•Miklossy J, Donta SE, Mueller K, Nolte O, Perry G (2012) Editorial: Chronic or Late Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Present and Future. The Open Neurology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M1)

•Miklossy J. (2012) Chronic or late lyme neuroborreliosis: analysis of evidence compared to chronic or late neurosyphilis. Open Neurol J. 6, 146-57

•Nilsson P et al. (2013) Aβ secretion and plaque formation depend on autophagy. Cell Reports 5(1), 61-69

•Williams WM, Torres S, Siedlak SL, Castellani RJ, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. (2013). Antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-1 expression is upregulated in Alzheimer’s brain. J Neuroinflammation. 10(1), 127.

•Usman A Khan, Li Liu, Frank A Provenzano, Diego E Berman, Caterina P Profaci, Richard Sloan, Richard Mayeux, Karen E Duff, Scott A Small. (2013) Molecular drivers and cortical spread of lateral entorhinal cortex dysfunction in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3606

•Blanc F, Philippi N, Cretin B, Kleitz C, Berly L, Jung B, Kremer S, Namer IJ, Sellal F, Jaulhac B, de Seze J. Lyme Neuroborreliosis and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014, 41(4): 1087-93.

•Miklossy J. The lack of correlation between the incidence of Lyme disease and deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease cannot reflect the lack of involvement of Borrelia burgdorferi in Alzheimer’s dementia. The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. Aug 2014 http://j- alz.com/node/384

•Miklossy J. Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2015 Apr 16;7:46.

Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, July 2015.

Tick-Borne Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorders

•Bransfield RC, Fallon BA, Raxlen B, Shepler L, Sherr VT. A Modest Proposal, Psychiatric News, 31(18):16 (1998)

•Nicolson GL, Gan R, Nicolson NL, Haier J. Evidence for Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneunomiae and HHV-6 Co-infections in the blood of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Neuroscience Res. 2007;85:11431148.

•Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI. The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders Medical Hypotheses. 70(5):967-974 (2008)

•Nicholson G. Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases Laboratory Medicine. 39(5)291-9 (2008)

•Vojdani A. Antibodies as predictors of complex autoimmune diseases and cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 21(3):553-66 (2008) Erratum in: Int J Imunopathol Pharmacol. 21(4):following 1051 (2008)

•Bransfield RC. Preventable cases of autism: relationship between chronic infectious diseases and neurological outcome Pediatric Health. 3(2):125-140. (2009)

•Bransfield R. Chronic Infections Contributing to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurology Psychiatry & Brain Research. Universitatsverlag. Heidelberg. 16, Suppl 1 (2009)

•Kuhn M, Grave S, Bransfield R, Harris S. Long term antibiotic therapy may be an effective treatment for children co-morbid with Lyme disease and autism spectrum disorder. Med Hypotheses. 78(5):606-15 (2012)

•Bransfield R. Relationship of Inflammation and Autoimmunity to Psychiatric Sequelae in Lyme Disease. Psychiatric Annals. 42(9):337-341. September 2012.

•Bransfield R.The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. The Open Neurology Journal. 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M3) 88-93

•Bransfield R. Kuhn M. Autism and Lyme Disease. JAMA. 310(8). (2013)

•Burbelo PD, Swedo SE, Thurm A, Bayat A, Levin AE, Marques A, Iadarola MJ. Lack of serum antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in children with autism. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013 Jul;20(7):1092-3

•Planche P, Botbol M. Lyme disease, Autism Spectrum Disorder and antibiotic therapy: A case report. Annales Médico- psychologiques, revue psychiatrique 171(10):711–715. (2013)

•Kuhn M, Bransfield R. Divergent opinions of Lyme disease diagnosis and implications for children co-morbid with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014.

Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers, RWJ Medical School, July 2015

Congenital Transmission of Lyme/TBD

•MacDonald A. Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):657-77.

•MacDonald AB, Benach JL, Burgdorfer W. Stillbirth following maternal Lyme disease. N Y State J Med. 1987 Nov;87(11):615-6.

•MacDonald A. Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1- 2):189-200.

•Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT. Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. (1985) Ann Intern Med, 103, 67-8.

•Markowitz LE, Steere AC, Benach JL, et al. Lyme disease during pregnancy. JAMA.(1986); 255(24), 3394-6.

•Lavoie PE, Lattner BP, Duray PH, Barbour AG, Johnson HC. Culture positive seronegative transplacental Lyme borreliosis infant mortality. (1987) Arthritis Rheum, 30(4), 3(Suppl):S50.

•Mikkelsen AL, Palle C. Lyme disease during pregnancy. (1987) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66(5), 477-8.

•Weber K; Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, Wilske B, Duray PH. (1988) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7:286-9.

•Carlomagno G, Luksa V, Candussi G, et al. (1988) Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area. Acta Eur Fertil 19(5), 279-81. Abstract

•Weber K, Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, et al. (1988) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7(4), 286-9. Full Citation

•Nadal D, Hunziker UA, Bucher HU, et al. (1989) Infants born to mothers with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery. Eur J Pediatr 148(5), 426-7. Abstract

•Schutzer SE, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA (1991) Lyme disease during pregnancy. Cutis 47(4), 267-8. Abstract

•Strobino BA, Williams CL, Abid S, et al. (1993) Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169(2 Pt 1), 367-74.

•Jovanovi R, Hajri A, Cirkovi A, et al. (1993) [Lyme disease and pregnancy]. Glas Srp Akad Nauka Med (43), 169-72.

•Kumi D J, Harris O.(1995) Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. Br Vet J Mar-Apr;151(2): 221-4 PMID: 8920118

•Williams CL, Strobino B, Weinstein A, et al. (1995) Maternal Lyme disease and congenital malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9(3), 320-30.

•Silver H. (1997) Lyme Disease During Pregnancy. Inf Dis Clinics of N. Amer. Vol 11, No 1,

•van Holten J, Tiems J, Jongen VH (1997) Neonatal Borrelia duttoni infection: a report of three cases. Trop Doct 27(2), 115-6.

•Harvey WT, Salvato P. (2003) ‘Lyme disease’: ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med Hypotheses. 60(5), 742- 59.

•Stricker, R.B., D.H. Moore, and E.E. Winger. (2004). Clinical and immunologic evidence of transmission of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. J. Invest. Med. 52, S15

•Onk G, Acun C, Kalayci M, Cagavi F, et al. (2005) Gestational Lyme disease as a rare cause of congenital hydrocephalus. J Turkish German Gynecology Association Artemis, 6(2), 156-157.

•Jones CR, Smith H, Gibb E, Johnson L (2005) Gestational Lyme Disease: Case Studies of 102 Live Births. Lyme Times. Gestational Lyme Studies 34-36

•Hercogova J, Vanousova D (2008) Syphilis and borreliosis during pregnancy. Dermatol Ther 21(3), 205-9.

•Lakos A, Solymosi N (2010) Maternal Lyme borreliosis and pregnancy outcome. Int J Infect Dis 14(6), e494-8.

•Mylonas I (2011) Borreliosis During Pregnancy: A Risk for the Unborn Child? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11:891-8.

•Gardner T. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn, 5th edition, (1995) Chapter 11, page 447 – 528.

•Gardner T. Lyme disease. 66 Pregnancies complicates by Lyme Borreliosis. Infec Dis Fetus and Newborn Infant. Saunders, 2000.

•Kumi-Diaka J, Harris O. Br Vet J. Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. 1995 Mar-Apr;151(2):221-4.

MEDLINE results for: borrelia pregnancy AND human. 88 journal articles in the PubMed database BDH, July 2012, Latest Revision November 2012, http://www.Huismans.de.vu